Michael T. Ricci is a global supply-chain leader IBM, 525 Lincoln Dr. W., 5 Greentree Center, Third floor, Marlton, NJ 08053-3422

Michael T. Ricci

Bringing a pharmaceutical or biologic to market takes more than just good science. It takes an agile business that can respond to the changing market and environment by aligning business processes with flexible information technology (IT). Separate challenges confront research and development (R&D), manufacturing, sales, and marketing. R&D is compelled to accelerate time to market of novel treatments and extend its reach in global markets. Likewise, manufacturing is undergoing sweeping changes, incorporating more efficient, quality-centric methods, and streamlining processes that scale across regions and partners. Financial and regulatory demands on sales and marketing are forcing companies to evaluate ways to increase sales effectiveness, such as multi-channel business models, direct-to-consumer marketing, partnering, and new customer models. Technology integration challenges hamper all of these areas. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) can help address these systems' integration challenges across the organization and serve as the new blueprint to help companies align business and IT. This article will feature how SOA can address challenges in manufacturing and is intended for business executives to explore how SOA can help them effectively respond to today's evolving and complex business models.  

Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies (BioPharma) are challenged today by more complex scientific information and the need to make faster business decisions—all in the context of a global marketplace. Many organizations are actively collaborating and partnering to augment their core competencies and extend business beyond organizational and geographic boundaries. Companies have invested in many forms of technology to enable business processes, integrate their organization, and support innovation.  

Businesses seek flexibility within a compliant environment—their processes are not static—and they seek to constantly improve the way they implement their strategy. IT solutions need to support that flexibility. Today's integration approaches do not support the level of responsiveness for continuous improvement. SOA has the potential to dramatically address this challenge and benefit an organization when:  

Business users exchange information across multiple systems 

Business processes span several applications across partners

Businesses are transitioning to newly merged or acquired business owners

Business users need information in near real-time 

Point-to-point solutions prevail with fixed interfaces that are costly to maintain.

But what is SOA, and how can this architectural approach provide an organization with the levels of efficiency and responsiveness it needs to effectively compete in today's changing market?  

What is Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)? 

SOA is a style of developing and integrating software. It involves breaking an application down into common, repeatable "services" that can be used by other applications, both internal and external, in an organization—independent of the applications and computing platforms on which the business and its partners rely. Using this approach, enterprises can assemble and reassemble these open, standards-based services to extend and improve integration among existing applications. SOA can also be used to support collaboration, build new capabilities, and drive innovation at every point in the value chain. 

The power behind SOA is the ability to share services through system-to-system interactions that could improve efforts to adapt end-to-end processes. SOA helps automate process steps; remove redundancy; use messaging and alerts to trigger essential people-powered workflow; and enable new capabilities. When a company adds new applications and retires old ones, SOA can help facilitate the transition and migration. Over time, services may be modified, shared, and recombined to streamline activities across yet more applications. This approach allows companies to more efficiently automate regulated and compliance-driven activities—freeing people to perform higher-level activities and providing an integrated business view to authorized staff across departments and organizations. In time, SOA can support continuous improvement through monitoring and redesigning processes linked to technology services. 

SOA offers an integrated, collaborative approach to aligning business and IT services and supports evolving business needs. The business must be actively involved, however, to identify the processes that must be managed on an ongoing basis. Current IT integration methods can continue to exist because SOA preserves legacy systems through the use of services. SOA can be applied using a small, step-wise approach that can grow as companies add more processes and applications. As a skipping stone creates ripples in a lake, SOA can help create benefits that quickly ripple through many other areas of the organization and partners. 

SOA is easier to understand through real-life examples. Below, the authors examine an industry-specific critical issue within the manufacturing organization to show where SOA approaches enhance information sharing for internal systems and support tighter integration with manufacturing business partners. 

Manufacturing: Improving the product-release process

Today's regulatory agenda demands "quality by design"—a proactive approach that addresses compliance issues before they occur. Customers and regulators want nothing less than continuous supply, reliable product safety controls, and the ability to track issues efficiently. More parties are involved in manufacturing, as more complex products require more communication, which exposes the industry to risk from local variations and monitoring procedures managed by global partners. The authors will focus the discussion on a real-life scenario of getting manufactured products released into the market.  

BioPharma manufacturing is striving to create tighter integration among all the players: suppliers, technical development, manufacturing facilities, comarketing, logistics, and markets. At the same time, manufacturing is an inherently changing environment. The authors will look at one part of the release process and examine the many systems supporting this process. Companies often experience integration challenges when there is:   

One enterprise resource planning (ERP) application with many instances internally or externally at manufacturing sites

Many ERP instances with many best-of-breed applications

Different systems for each department discipline involved in the manufacturing process

A reliance on paper being generated from these different systems, with the legal requirement to retain the paper and show an audit trail for each released batch

Loosely enforced global IT standards within the organization or with partners.

Managing the product-release process today

The release process is complex and involves massive amounts of information from various sources. All compliance-based processes must come together at this point before a batch is released to the market. Staff is involved across the organization and outside the company that includes quality control, in-house or third-party manufacturing, engineering, quality assurance, and supply-chain operations. Figure 1 shows how a typical release process occurs today. 

Figure 1: Today's release process involes many manual, iterative processes. 

This process is triggered as a batch is completed. Today, the process is slow and inefficient because it is still largely paper-based, with many applications. It relies on humans to push the paper to its next step, or to transfer the information manually from one system to the next. Documents can become lost and can be difficult to trace during critical stages. Stand-alone applications may only have partial information, and the manual entry of information into multiple systems can lead to redundant or even conflicting data. Each discipline has its own reports to document the manufacturing of the batch. It is the collective set of documents from all activities and departments that comprises the information and basis to know whether or not the batch should be released. There are many document-related activities and issues that can occur as documents are collected. What Figure 1 does not depict is the iterative nature of document generation and collection loops that can prolong the process if no triggers exist to alert staff about ongoing issues or corrective actions. The result is a process that is difficult to measure and manage. 

To support good manufacturing practices (GMPs) of global regulators such as the US Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the European Medicines Agency in Europe, staff and equipment must be in compliance at all times. Compliance is often supported through business processes like those presented in Figure 1. In many cases to improve this process, companies need to eliminate the paper and have systems that can store and share required reports and documents systematically from system to system. This level of integration ideally would not impose custom programming requirements on the systems actually generating the reports. Figure 2 shows how the process improves with an SOA-enabled enterprise content management system (ECMS) that manages data stored in a database (structured data) and documents stored in a document store or repository (unstructured data).  

Figure 2: A revised productârelease process. 

The departments supporting the batch-release process continue to use their existing systems with a new efficiency that allows staff to focus on value-add activity. These systems communicate to an SOA-enabled content management system to store any required reports.

Paper generation and movement can be eliminated, removing the uncertainty that can potentially reduce overall cycle time 

The system can help manage the process, for example, only allowing the process to continue when all of the proper documents have been generated, collected, and stored appropriately

The qualified person who is responsible for releasing the batch, can now more easily see if there are open deviations in the documentation collected 

The development of a more efficient and effective process platform is possible by integrating the supporting systems using SOA. 

In the past, this platform development often required custom, point-to-point programming dependent upon proprietary platforms and programming interfaces provided by the software vendor. This has been notoriously difficult, complicated by the nature of storing documents and reports from various sources, in a variety of formats. The complexity is only increased when the process requires the integration of multiple business partners around the globe. There are many software solutions for enterprise content management. If the enterprise content management solution provides SOA services, a company such as IBM can provide the level of integration shown above with a compelling integration approach for both the sponsor's and the business partner's IT departments. Figure 3 shows how this level of systems integration can be achieved using SOA. 

Figure 3: A closer look at an enterprise content management system providing Service Oriented Architecture services. 

 Using Figure 3 and continuing with the example,  

If the quality assurance person had closed the release blocking incidents and wanted to publish an incident status report, he or she would use the Corrective and Preventive Actions (CAPA) system as normally done. The CAPA system would generate the report and would use the SOA service from the content management system and "store document" to store the report associated with the batch.

The qualified person who reviews all the documents in the content management system and wants to set the release decision would do so in the ERP system, as is done today. However, when the production order needs to be published, the ERP system would do so and would use the SOA service from the content management system and "store document" to store the report associated with the batch.

If the quality control department were releasing the batch and wanted to generate the certificate of analysis, it would do so in the laboratory information management system (LIMS), as is normally done. The LIMS would use the SOA service from the content management system and "store document" to store the report associated with the batch.

The SOA-enabled ECMS provides a standards-based approach allowing other systems to deposit reports and documents and maintain those documents over time. This approach involves defining SOA services for distinct document-management functions such as depositing a document or report, or retrieving one. In our example, not only can the initial batch documents be stored, but downstream documents that must be retained, such as the certificate of analysis and electronic batch records can be stored collectively by any system participating in the process. This can help simplify the generation of regulated documents. It enables staff to resolve issues that are tracked in the CAPA system and not have to chase after supporting documents.  

 SOA delivers tighter internal integration among players. The SOA-enabled ECMS solution is one example of how SOA can impact the manufacturing environment. SOA brings value to the overall organization as follows.  

SOA establishes an environment that supports the evolution to quality by design and continuous "real-time" quality assurance to help build in efficiency within the organization and with global partners. The use of a service-driven approach, such as SOA, enables processes that help departments, manufacturing sites, and organizations adapt to changes in the environment.

: In this example, services can be reused by any application producing documentation for the manufacturing process, which represents a common, high-impact process. Consider how valuable SOA services would be for other central or key applications such as ERP. 

 SOA services make it easier to adapt to changes in the business processes required for manufacturing. SOA makes system functionality more granular, so the process activities that use them can be easily accessed and applied to other systems. IT systems become more flexible and reduce development times as SOA services are reused. 

An SOA framework can also help monitor execution of a process. The same SOA services that connect two business applications can also support any of the monitoring applications. 

Support for automated processes across applications:

 SOA allows process management or workflow systems to "talk" to required applications needed to support the process. This helps reduce administrative burden and increase compliance. It also allows processes to extend into new areas of the organizations or to external partners.

 Business partners can be integrated with the BioPharma company in a nonintrusive manner using industry-standard interfaces. Business partners do not need to change their current software, nor does the BioPharma company. SOA offers a way to integrate without wholesale change to existing applications. 

SOA offers connectivity options for new partners and allows companies to explore new product capabilities. Support systems can be built more easily using portal technology and SOA services. 

Although the BioPharma industry is actively addressing its challenges, many current environments are not scalable or responsive enough to meet future demands or to efficiently compete on a global scale. Service Oriented Architecture enables companies to simplify the complex nature of today's BioPharma business to facilitate "smart" system interactions and "built-in" compliance.

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