Susanne Keitel, PhD
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According to pharmaceutical legislation in the European Union (EU), any active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) included in
a medicinal product to be marketed in the EU must be produced in compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMPs). The
holder of the marketing authorization for a medicinal product is responsible for ensuring that this requirement is met. With
each marketing authorization application (or subsequent variation relative to the API), a certification of GMP compliance
for all APIs used in the product signed by the Qualified Person (QP) of the manufacturer must be submitted. This QP declaration
cannot be replaced by a GMP certificate issued by a competent authority.
However, EU legislation provides the supervisory bodies of the region's member states and those of the European Economic Area
(EEA) with the authority to carry out inspections of API manufacturers to verify the declaration submitted by the QP. These
inspections are not routine but are selected based on risk in accordance with the recommendations published in the Compilation of Community Procedures on Inspections and Exchange of Information, Rev. 10, as "Guidance on the occasions when it is appropriate for competent authorities to conduct inspections at the premises
of manufacturers of active substances used as starting material."
Figure 1: Number of inspections performed by EDQM each year (1999-2009). EU is European Union. EEA is European Economic Area.
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To complement its certification procedure, which constitutes one of three possibilities in the EU to submit quality documentation
for API in-licensing procedures, the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) conducts inspections of API
manufacturers and traders that have applied for a Certificate of Suitability (CEP). EDQM is, among others, responsible for
the European Pharmacopoeia. The EDQM inspection program is mandated by the European Commission and focuses on ensuring on-site compliance with GMP and
the procedures outlined in the applicant's submitted dossier.
EDQM is responsible for organizing the API inspections and any follow-up actions, including the implementation of subsequent
action regarding CEPs and communication with the concerned authorities. Every year, a program of inspections is scheduled
in accordance with the Community Procedures document. The program is circulated to the EU and EEA supervisory authorities
for comments and then sent to the Steering Committee of the Certification Procedure for adoption. Inspections of selected
companies are conducted based on the final program. Not all manufacturing and distribution sites covered by a CEP or a CEP
application are inspected, in accordance with EU legislation.
Covering Asia
EDQM inspections are conducted by a team of GMP inspectors from competent authorities throughout the EU and EEA or from countries
with which the EU has an operational mutual recognition agreement (MRA) in the field of GMP and EDQM.
Most inspections are conducted outside of Europe, mainly in India and China, reflecting the distribution and relevance of
API production worldwide and the origin of CEP applications handled. For inspections carried out in non-EU/EEA countries,
local official inspectors are invited to join the team as observers.
EDQM carries out approximately 30 on-site inspections every year. Information exchanged with other competent authorities brings
the number of sites covered to approximately 50 manufacturing sites per year. The outcome of these inspections shows a high
level of noncompliance to GMP. For example, in 2009, 35% of the sites inspected were found to be noncompliant. However, it
is important to stress that this statistic is not representative of overall compliance by API manufacturers in Asia or worldwide.
In contrast, the data indicate that the triggers used to select inspection sites based on risk are effective. The increase
in noncompliance over the years further demonstrates the effect of fine-tuning the risk-based selection criteria.
