The concepts of "clean-hold time" and "dirty-hold time" have been part of cleaning validation since its inception. Clean hold time is generally considered to be the time between the completion of cleaning and the initiation of the subsequent manufacturing
operation. Dirty hold time can begin when the clean equipment is initially soiled, but more often is defined as the time between the end of manufacturing
and the beginning of the cleaning process. Intuitively, it makes sense to be concerned about both hold times. Dirty equipment
is harder to clean the longer the hold time, and clean equipment has a greater chance of becoming soiled as hold time increases.
Background
In its Guide to Inspection of Validation of Cleaning Processes, the US Food and Drug Administration considers identifying and controlling the length of time between the end of processing
and each cleaning step to be critical elements of the cleaning processes (1). FDA also expects pharmaceutical companies to
demonstrate that routine cleaning and storage of equipment does not allow for microbial proliferation. The European Union
expects companies to provide a validation master plan with clearly defined and documented validation program elements (2).
Health Canada looks for companies to describe the interval between the end of production and the beginning of the cleaning
procedures as well timeframes and conditions for the storage of clean equipment that do not allow for microbial proliferation
(3). Finally, the Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S) guideline
looks for documentation of both dirty- and clean-hold times (4). The general practice among industry is to routinely document
and track equipment-hold times to ensure ongoing compliance.
Although regulatory agencies expect manufacturers to document and address hold times, they do not describe a process for establishing
hold times. In this validation study, a dirty-hold time was established but ongoing implications were not examined (5). Several
articles define both clean- and dirty-hold times and how to establish them but do not mention a strategy to guide the experiments
(6, 7). A more recent article, which referred to hold-time studies as "the lost parameter for cleaning validation," explored
several issues associated with hold-time studies (8). Issues included storage conditions, test locations, testing methodology,
and the length of hold-time studies.
The concern with clean-hold times is that clean equipment will not stay clean indefinitely despite using appropriate storage
conditions. Holding soiled equipment makes it more difficult to remove pharmaceutical soil and allows biological contamination
to proliferate. To address these concerns, the author extended clean-hold time testing for more than 2 yrs and extended dirty-hold
time studies for up to 9 days. After identifying clean- and dirty-hold time, ongoing control of the hold times became difficult.
Every time a piece of equipment is used, the operator needs to confirm and document that the actual clean-hold time does not
exceed the established clean-hold time. And before washing a piece of equipment, the washer needs to confirm and document
that the actual dirty-hold time does not exceed the established dirty-hold time.
Table I: Dry granulation equipment train—dirty-hold validation (Acceptable residue limit [ARL] = 100 µg/swab)
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This study suggests that if clean- and dirty-hold time issues are addressed during the validation study that the severity
of exceeding the established hold times diminishes to a near-acceptable level.
