The Rotation of Disinfectants Principle: True or False? - Pharmaceutical Technology

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PharmTech Europe

The Rotation of Disinfectants Principle: True or False?
The author defines sanitizers, disinfectants, and antibiotics, and examines the question of whether the rotation of disinfectants is scientifically warranted.


Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 33, Issue 2, pp. 58-71

75. P.G. Ambrose et al., "New Generations of Quinolones: with Particular Attention to Levofloxacin," Conn. Med. 61, 269–272 (1997).

76. L. Ferrero, B. Cameron, and J. Crouzet, "Analysis of gyrA and grlA Mutations in Stepwise-Selected Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus, " AAC. 39, 1554–1558 (1995).

77. P. Heisig, "Genetic Evidence for a Role of parC Mutations in Development of High Level Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli, " AAC. 40, 879–885 (1996).

78. C. Janoir et al., "High-Level Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae Requires Mutations in parC and gyrA," AAC. 40, 2760–2764 (1996).

79. X.S. Pan and L.M. Fisher, "DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Are Dual Targets of Clinafloxacin Action in Streptococcus pneumoniae, " AAC. 42, 2810–2816 (1998).

80. H. Taba and N. Kusano, "Sparfloxacin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae : Involvement of Multiple Mutations in gyrA and parC Genes", AAC. 42, 2193–2196 (1998).

81. X. Zhao et al., "DNA Topoisomerse Targets of the Fluoroquinolones: A Strategy for Avoiding Bacterial Resistance," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 13991–13996 (1997).

82. D.C. Hooper, "Mode of Action of Fluoroquinolones," Drugs 58 (suppl 2), 6–10 (1999).

83. C. Siporin, "The Evolution of Fluorinated Quinolones: Pharmacology, Microbiological Activity, Clinical Uses, and Toxicities," Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 43, 601–627 (1989).

84. H. Hiasa, D.O. Yousef, and K.J. Marains, "DNA Strand Cleavage Is Required for Replication Fork Arrest by a Frozen Topoisomerase-Quinolone-DNA Ternary Complex," J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26424–26429 (1996).

85. C.R. Chen et al., "DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV on the Bacterial Chromosome: Quinolone-Induced DNA Cleavage," J. Mol. Biol. 258, 627–637 (1996).

86. R.A. Nicholas, H. Hamilton, and M.S. Cohen, "Beta-Lactam Antibiotics," in Principles of Pharmacology, P.L. Munson, R.A. Mueller, and G.R. Breese, Eds. (Chapman and Hall, NY, 1995), p. 95.

87. K. Poole, "Resistance to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics," Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (17), 2200–2223 (2004).

88. "Antibiotics—Protein Synthesis, Nucleic Acid Synthesis, and Metabolism," in Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/antibiotics1.htm accessed Jan. 18, 2009.

89. G.M. Brown, "The Biosynthesis of Folic Acid II: Inhibition by Sulfonamides," J. Biol. Chem. 237, 536–540 (1962).


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