The Rotation of Disinfectants Principle: True or False? - Pharmaceutical Technology

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PharmTech Europe

The Rotation of Disinfectants Principle: True or False?
The author defines sanitizers, disinfectants, and antibiotics, and examines the question of whether the rotation of disinfectants is scientifically warranted.


Pharmaceutical Technology
Volume 33, Issue 2, pp. 58-71

90. W.S. Dallas et al., "Cloning, Sequencing, and Enhanced Expression of the Dihydropteroate Synthase Gene of Escherichia coli MC4100," J. Bacteriol. 174, 5961–5970 (1992).

91. J.P. Maskell, A.M. Sefton, and L.M.C. Hall, "Mechanism of Sulfonamide Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, " Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2121–2126 (1997).

92. T. Köhler et al., "Multidrug Efflux in Intrinsic Resistance to Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, " Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40 (10), 2288–2290 (1996).

93. S.G.B. Amyes et al., "The Type VII Dihydrofolate Reductase: A Novel Plasmid-Encoded Trimethoprim-Resistant Enzyme from Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated in Britain," J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 24, 111–119 (1989).

94. B.A. Wylie et al., "Identification of a Novel Plasmid-Encoded Dihydrofolate Reductase Mediating High Level Resistance to Trimethoprim," J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 22, 429–435 (1988).

95. R.L. Then, "Mechanisms of Resistance to Trimethoprim, the Sulfonamides, and Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole," Rev. Infect. Dis. 4, 261–269 (1982).

96. W.A. Rutala et al., "APIC Guidelines for Selection and Use of Disinfectants," Am. J. Infect. Control. 24 (4 supplement), 313–342 (1996).

97. IFH Scientific Advisory Board, "Microbial Resistance and Biocides: IFH Consensus Statement on Microbial Resistance and Biocides," in International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH Scientific Advisory Board, Geneva, 2000), available at http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/2003/2public/antresFINAL.pdf, accessed Jan. 18, 2009.

98. CDC, Infection Definitions, Reports, and Guidelines, CDC 1997, http://www.premierinc.com/quality-safety/tools-services/safety/topics/guidelines/surveil.jsp#sd_1997, accessed Jan. 18, 2009

99. E. Cadenas, "Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity," Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58, 79–110 (1989).

100. G. McDonnell, "Biocides: Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance," in Disinfection and Decontamination Principles, Applications, and Related Issues, G. Manivannan, Ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008), pp. 93–95.

101. W. Gottardi, "Iodine and Iodine Compounds," in Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, S.S. Block, Ed. (Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 4th ed., 1991), pp. 152–166.

102. A.F. Mendonca, T.L. Amoroso and S.J. Knabel, "Destruction of Gram-Negative Food-Borne Pathogens by High pH Involves Disruption of the Cytoplasmic Membrane," Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 (11), 4009–4014 (1994).


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