Articles by Paul Kippax - Pharmaceutical Technology

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Articles by Paul Kippax

Characterizing A Nasal Spray Formulation From Droplet To API Particle Size

Regulatory guidance for nasal spray products recognises the effect on drug delivery of the particle size of both the delivered droplets and the suspended active. Here we examine the application of laser diffraction and automated image analysis combined with Raman spectroscopy in this context, highlighting the role these techniques can play in fast and efficient nasal spray characterisation.
Feb 11, 2011
By: Paul Kippax, Deborah Huck, Carl Levoguer, Anne Virden, Julie Suman

The way in which a suspension nasal spray product interacts with the body depends not only on the droplet size of the delivered droplet, but also on the particle size of the suspended API.

Understanding The Requirements For Effective Nasal Drug Delivery

Sep 1, 2010
By: Paul Kippax, Julie Suman, Gerallt Williams

One particularly crucial parameter for nasal sprays is the size of the droplets produced during actuation, which can potentially impact bioavailability.

Appraisal of the Laser Diffraction Particle-Sizing Technique

Mar 2, 2005
By: Paul Kippax

Some published articles purport to demonstrate the difficulties and problems of the laser diffraction technique without mentioning that these apparent problems are inherent in all particle-sizing techniques. This article discusses some of the advantages of using laser diffraction for particle sizingincluding repeatability, ease of verification, and speed of measurementand why it has become the preferred technique in a range of industries.

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