Carol L. Fisher

Serendipity has little to do with a successful manufacturing outsourcing relationship, but strategic planning does. So does picking the right partner, a key factor in any serious alliance. An understanding of the client's clearly defined needs, objectives and product vision is vital, as is both partners' ability to grasp the other's expectations. A realistic attitude, flexibility and trust are equally important attributes on both sides of the table. And the real glue that holds the partnership — and project — together, even more so than a formal contract or quality agreement, is the ability to communicate regularly and honestly with each other. As impossible as all that may seem, partnerships such as these do exist in the biopharmaceutical industry. Here are lessons learned from the partners of two successful matches. 

Whether you contract for activities outside your core competencies, or for shared or extended competencies, there are considerable benefits to be had if the outsourcing relationship is executed properly. In the case of contract manufacturing services, client companies consistently name the same three major benefits: speed-to-market; risk and debt reduction; and access to expertise, equipment and experience.  

Mark O'Mahony, head of process development, quality control and manufacturing for the biopharmaceutical company TolerRx, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), says, "Outsourcing compresses our development timeline, primarily through access to the facility, equipment, personnel and expertise that we may not have in-house. We avoid capital risk and debt, and gain flexibility. In early stage development, you want to mitigate your risk as much as possible. Working with a contractor allows you to do that and it also allows you to change direction fast."  

TolerRx, whose development pipeline contains four monoclonal antibody products to induce, maintain or remove immunological tolerance, outsourced purification and aseptic filling functions to Laureate Pharma LP, a privately held contract manufacturing services firm headquartered in Princeton (New Jersey, USA). Laureate's Michiel Ultee, senior director of biopharmaceutical development and operations, confirmed that the capital outlay for a clinical-phase production centre falls anywhere from $50-300 million. "To invest that kind of money in something with uncertain returns is risk-laden," he says.  

Time is also invested constructing a facility, from site placement, beginning with local zoning concerns, to actual construction and validation of all the processing equipment, including bioreactors and chromatography stations. Validation of a large piece of equipment can take 3-5 months, according to Ultee, so it could take up to a year to fully validate all the equipment. "It's a totally different timeline than, say, constructing a bank," he adds.  

TolerRx continually assesses its make-buy decisions, and a balance of both has been the best way forward to expedite the way to the clinic, shares O'Mahony. The company seeks current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and current good laboratory practices (cGLP) outsourcing support for its preclinical and clinical trials with several manufacturing and testing facilities at any one time, depending on the available capacity, scale and technical capabilities. TolerRx's core competency in biologics manufacturing, as well as cumulative successful experiences working with different antibodies in an outsourcing capacity, give it the confidence to consider outsourcing as a viable alternative.  

If using contract manufacturing services is a strategy you're considering for the future, or if you've experienced unfortunate circumstances in a prior outsourcing relationship, first identify your process requirements and establish your project timeline before starting your candidate search. Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cheshire, Connecticut, USA), which develops novel antibody therapeutics for human diseases where treatments are either inadequate or non-existent, has used various manufacturing outsourcers since 1996. Eric Frieden, its director of fermentation and cell culture development, believes these two elements are key criteria and will help considerably to narrow the candidate pool. Analysing your needs ahead of time helps you recognize more of the synergies with respect to scale, expertise, techniques, capacity and availability. 

"Analysing the outsourcers' capabilities, as well as evaluating the cost factors, are other key criteria," explains Frieden. "Determining their long-term interest is also an important consideration. Once you start working with someone, there's a huge cost — in both dollars and time — in changing partners."  

Not only is expertise a consideration, but particular experience in the functionality you seek and the outsourcer's regulatory experience should factor into the equation, too. One of Alexion's manufacturing and development outsourcing partners, Lonza Biologics (Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA), is a case in point. Glyn Forster, its head of product management, explains that the company has more than 20 years of experience in successful interfacing with numerous regulatory agencies. For example, it has had nine successful inspections during the past 2 years — six in the US and three in the UK. Alexion outsources various functionalities to Lonza, including development and manufacturing of its drug 

Exercising due diligence during the outsourcing selection process is a natural and prudent component of the discovery phase. Some fact-finding now will yield dividends later. Is the outsourcer dedicated strictly to outsourcing, or does it provide outsourcing as a secondary function after performing the same functionality for itself? How many active projects does it currently handle? Does it matter to you? To some it doesn't, to others it might.  			

Does a customer's size, either in the complexity or magnitude of its needs, make a difference in the service it receives? How many customers does it support? "That's a double-edged sword," says Frieden. "Too many is not good, but too few is not good either."  

Potential client companies often conduct preliminary audits at the candidates' facilities, meeting with staff to discuss their expertise and experience. It's an opportunity to see if personalities  "click," and to speak with the scientists, technical personnel and project manager who would be assigned to the project. A site visitation should include auditing the contractor's quality assurance and quality control systems for compliance. "In addition to technical capabilities, compliance of the contractor's quality systems is probably one of the most important parts of our selection process," says O'Mahony. And finally, as in all industries, references and reputation speak volumes — so check around. 

It needn't be said that close attention must be paid to all the data presented in a proposal or contract. But outsourcing partners agree there are certain details that can be the source of later confusion or discord, so it's crucial they are thoroughly covered in the documentation.  							

For instance, define the scope of the work project and deliverables; what the client expects from the contractor, and in return, what the client will provide the contractor; and the cost of each step. Clarify which party is responsible for the cost of raw materials, outside testing and any additional incurred costs. If an amount looks unrealistic, ask why. What is apparent to the outsourcing provider may not be apparent to the customer. Frieden admits, "One of the golden rules is that there is always pressure for a project to become more expensive than you originally anticipated. It's essential to try and predict as many of these issues and costs as possible, and to agree beforehand how the new subprojects will be addressed. As you get closer to marketing your products, there are many additional things you must consider."  

It can take months to reach a mutually agreeable contract. Negotiations for terms and conditions usually stretch out the longest. Invariably, realistic timelines must be discussed because every customer expects it will take a lot less time than is usually projected. And first-timers to the scale-up process may notice considerable time differences between what happens in the lab and what is required for manufacturing. Stability testing is one prime example. Don't expect that because a minimal amount of product remains active for three weeks in the lab's refrigerator, the same timeframe is applicable at scale-up. "Both clinical supply needs and regulatory requirements will dictate how much needs to be accomplished in a given time," says Ultee. Because signing a contract can be a year in advance of the actual work, it's good to include a timeline. But it's important to also realize that it's a "best guess" and it will never remain the same, reminds O'Mahony. He also strongly recommends planning a "shake-down" run at the contract site before going to larger scale.  

Outsourcing specialists agree that having a quality agreement in place with an outsourcing provider can be useful. As Frieden points out, the quality staff usually provides the document sometime after the contract is already signed. It is a living document, he adds, and is constructed in such a manner that it can change as needs change. For instance, Alexion's quality agreement with Lonza contained many items regarding regulatory submissions for clinical products, but once the product is marketed, that emphasis will diminish and other factors will become more important.  			

The quality assurance group drives the agreement, and various other participants from key areas such as development, regulatory, quality control and legal, all have input. "But in all honesty, the agreements are frequently written well after the fact of the contract," Frieden says. "Otherwise, you're trying to guess at what the problems are going to be. They can take a long time to negotiate, so you don't want to put that kind of pressure on top of starting a new relationship. One has to decide the right time to do it." 

All outsourcing partners must regularly and clearly communicate. Face-to-face meetings usually occur at the outset. As the project advances and deadlines become closer, weekly conference calls, complete with agendas, minutes, dedicated tasks and responsibilities, are par for the course in many outsourcing partnerships. Email is used to communicate information such as test results, but electronic communications do not replace daily telephone calls between project managers as the project activity swings into full gear.  			

Outsourcing relationships are true partnerships, wherein both parties share as much useful information as possible so the contractor fully understands the client strategy and vision for the product. O'Mahony recalls that in previous years, there was hesitancy in revealing too much information and trust wasn't placed so easily. But today, client companies even place a representative on the manufacturing floor during critical stages — to serve as a resource, not to look over anyone's shoulder. Contractors realize they are both there for success.  

Strategies for resolving conflicts should be addressed in the initial contract. Most importantly, problems should be faced head on, whether they are of a technical or manufacturing nature, so the contract manager can notify the customer and they can work on a solution together. If the situation is beyond resolution by the project managers in an Alexion outsourcing partnership, says Frieden, it then goes before a steering committee with representatives from both organizations, including Alexion's president.  

There is a touch of irony in the best measure of a successful contract manufacturing partnership. If all goes well, the client's drug discovery achieves blockbuster status. With that success comes substantial financial rewards, which means investing in one's own production facilities is more economically feasible than depending on outsourcing support. The ultimate reward for superb partnering could set the bell tolling for the partnership itself. n

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… the real glue that holds the partnership - and project - together, even more so than a formal contract or quality agreement, is the ability to communicate regularly and honestly with each other.