Strategies for Contamination Control

Q. My colleagues and I have been discussing the new requirement for a contamination control strategy (CCS) contained in the European Union’s 2022 Annex 1 revision. Can you provide some guidance on what should be included in the CCS?

A. The concept of contamination/containment control has been around for quite some time. The 2004 FDA Guidance for Industry states, “Any manual or mechanical manipulation of the sterilized drug, components, containers, or closures prior to or during aseptic assembly poses the risk of contamination and thus necessitates careful control” (1). The revised Annex 1 guideline takes things a step further by stating, “A [CCS] should be implemented across the facility in order to define all critical control points and assess the effectiveness of all the controls (design, procedural, technical, and organisational) and monitoring measures employed to manage risks to medicinal product quality and safety. The combined strategy of the CCS should establish robust assurance of contamination prevention” (2). The guideline also states, “The CCS should consider all aspects of contamination control with ongoing and periodic review resulting in updates within the pharmaceutical quality system as appropriate. Changes to the systems in place should be assessed for any impact on the CCS before and after implementation” (2).

The Parenteral Drug Association’s (PDA’s) Technical Report states, “The ongoing evolution of contamination control principles that this document addresses is a shift to a holistic approach, where practices are designed to work together to achieve proactive contamination control and are evaluated for their collective effectiveness” (3).

What does this all mean to pharmaceutical manufacturers? Let’s start with what we have already in place. All companies should have contamination control elements addressing various aspects of the manufacturing process including but not limited to process design, microbial control, facilities, utilities, raw materials, environmental, personnel training and qualification, equipment qualification, and a robust quality management system. Some of the specific contamination control elements included in these categories would be the existence of bioburden and endotoxin attributes, particulate monitoring, process validations, material and personnel flow, product quarantine practices, smoke studies, media fills, gowning qualification, cleanroom practices, microbial monitoring during production, cleaning validation, extractables/leachables, container closure integrity, etc. The strategy in CCS is how the company ties all these elements together in a holistic approach that is interdependent, multi-disciplinary, and tailored to the operation. This requires the company to be deliberate in risk assessing how changes to any of the elements affects the other elements under the umbrella of the CCS.

The overall objective of the CCS is to describe what control elements are in place, why they are effective, and that potential contamination is controlled from the beginning to the end of the manufacturing process.

References

1. FDA. Guidance for Industry, Sterile Drug Products Produced
   by Aseptic Processing–Current Good Manufacturing Practice
   (September 2004).
2. EC. Guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use, Annex 1: Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products (2022 rev.).
3. PDA. Contamination Control Strategy Development in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Technical Report No. 90 (PDA, 2023).

About the author

Susan J. Schniepp is distinguished fellow at Regulatory Compliance Associates.

Article details

Pharmaceutical Technology
Vol. 47, No. 6
June 2023
Page: 42

Citation

When referring to this article, please cite it as Schniepp, S. Strategies for Contamination Control. Pharmaceutical Technology 2023 47 (6).